Alcohol and smoking consumption of Mongolian adults: Results of a population-based study

Abstract

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for more than two-thirds of all fatalities, with the majority occurring in lowand middle-income countries. Tobacco and alcohol consumption are major behavioral risk factors contributing to the burden of NCDs. In Mongolia, both alcohol and tobacco use remain widespread, but recent national data is limited. Aim: To assess the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among adults in Mongolia and identify demographic factors associated with their consumption. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2022 and May 2023 across multiple regions of Mongolia. Participants aged 18 years and older were surveyed to gather demographic information and assess alcohol and tobacco consumption behaviors. The survey included questions on education, marital status, location (urban or rural), and lifestyle habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using quantitative statistical methods to determine the prevalence and associated demographic factors. Results: A total of 447,409 individuals participated in the study. The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 17.6%. Among male participants, 38.5% reported smoking, while only 4.8% of female participants were smokers. Alcohol consumption was reported by 12.3% of the total population, with a significant difference between genders: 14.6% of men and 4.0% of women reported alcohol use. Additionally, excessive drinking was prevalent among 30% of the alcohol users, particularly among males. The study revealed that tobacco and alcohol consumption were more common among individuals with lower educational levels, those who were divorced or unmarried, and residents of rural areas compared to their urban counterparts. Conclusion: The findings indicate that tobacco and alcohol consumption are significant public health issues in Mongolia, particularly among men. Men are more likely to engage in both smoking and alcohol use compared to women. Additionally, lower education levels, unmarried status, and living in rural areas are associated with higher consumption rates of both alcohol and tobacco. The high prevalence of smoking and heavy drinking among men presents serious health risks, contributing to the country’s burden of NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These findings highlight the urgent need for effective public health policies and preventive programs in Mongolia aimed at reducing alcohol and tobacco consumption, particularly among high-risk groups. Strengthening healthcare systems and promoting awareness through targeted education campaigns are critical steps toward mitigating the health risks associated with these behaviors.